Solar Constant!

The earth receives tremendous energy from the sun in various forms and in various spectrum.

The most important component of the solar radiation which we receive is the heat energy and light energy as they are really very useful

Solar constant is the measurement of flux.. In layman language it is the quantum of total electromagnetic radiation which is incident or irradiant to the unit surface area of earth in the given Sun-earth mean distance

Thus, solar constant is the measure of flux... flux is a vector describing the amount of heat flow from one unit area to another unit area in a unit time.

Calculating the Solar Constant-

Solar constant can be easily calculated if we know the surface irradiance of Sun. Irradiance is the process in which radiations,electromagnetic are incident on a surface

To calculate the solar Irradiance we need to refer to the Inverse Law

Inverse-square law states that the strength of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to the square of distance between the radiation emitting body and the body receiving it

So,

I= E(4πR^)/4πr^ where

I is the Irradiance at the outer surface of sphere say outer surface of earth

E is the irradiance at the Surface of sun

R is the R is the radius of sun

r is the radius of surface of earth or outer surfaces

Thus we can find the value of E from this equation

Solar constant,So has another formula

So= E(sun)*R^/r^

here ^ is square

R is radius of sun

r is the mean Earth-sun distance or 1AU

E is the irradiance of sun

Thus insolation or amount of solar radiation received on a unit surface area of earth in unit time is I=Scos.Z

z is the zenith angle

Thus earth receives a total Solar constant between 1413-1321 W.m^

Average incoming radiation is solar constant*1/2 cross surface area of sphere,earth

R=(So*1/2πr^) / 4πr^

where So is the solar constant, πr^ is the cross section area of earth and 4πr^ is the TSA of earth

1369/4 ~ 342W/m^

THE MAGNETIC HILL!

Magnetic hill or Gravity hill is an area where the vehicle appears to climb slopes on its own without using any power from engine. If the car is left neutral at certain spots, the car appears to climb the slopes even when we don't press the accelerator.
I myself, had the opportunity to see one of the magnetic hills in the world situated in Jammu and Kashmir state in India.

Magnetic Hill,Transit 46,Leh,IndiaLat- 34,11,15N
Long- 77,21,09EAlt-14000ft above sea level
30kms from Leh city on NH-1D,

Situated 30kms from the Leh city, magnetic hill is a well known area of 20m where all types of vehicles are believed to climb up slopes due to allegedly magnetic effect.
On the road, a box is painted and we are told to put our vehicle in neutral gear. Once its done, the vehicle automatically moves back on the road which appears to be slightly elevated and not a downslope. Even if the driver of vehicle steps out, the car automatically moves without using car's engine power.
Aircrafts flying in this area at low levels have reported that they witness magnetic interference in this area.

UPPER RIGHT- GOOGLE EARTH VIEW OF MAGNETIC HILL.THE NARROW ROAD IN THE CENTER OF IMAGE IS MAGNETIC HILL.

RIGHT- THIS IS THE BOX WHERE IT IS TOLD TO KEEP THE CAR IN NEUTRAL GEAR. ONCE DOWN, THE CAR INSTEAD OF MOVING AHEAD FROM THIS POINT, GOES BACK

WHAT IS BELIEVED-

MAGNETIC HILL IS THE NAME OF THIS AREA as people here think that there is a strong magnet either in the above box or in the mountains here which pull the vehicles towards them.

Thats why when you reach this place, the board says"The phenomena that defies gravity"

The vehicle is attracted towards the other end of the road and it does move with a speed of about 20km/hr

Almost everyone who passes from here, stops to see the effect

Appearance

Once when you get out of your vehicle and look towards that side where your car gets attracted,you see the road in level and slightly higher.. meaning there is no slope there.

My analysis

I slept on the road and tried to look the level of the road though I didn't carry a level pipe. I personally found that when you lie on the road, you see a partial slope that side which when you get up and stand in normal position, doesn't appear.

II. No magnetic field or so called Magnetic effect

I had carried a well defied Magnetic compass with me which is used to see direction. But many must have noted that if a magnet or magnetic substance is in presence of the compass.,the needle deflects. If other than the Earth's natural magnetic poles, there are some magnets either in the box or in hills then the needle should have deflected and should have shown a different North-South Direction.

With the magnetic and a travel map, I started checking the magnetic needle N-S direction from town Nimu which is about 10kms from this spot. when approaching the magnetic hill,from NIMU towards LEH North direction appears on our left side while south appears on right side. Since I was checking the realtime direction along with notifying the road curves, I didn't find any magnetic deflection happening in the Magnetic field area.

This concluded that there isn't any magnet in the mountains. Then I took the compass in that box painted on the road and found that there is a zero deflection of the needle

This concluded that there is no extra magnet in the area which is so powerful to pull cars. If it w'd have been, then it w'd have deflected the needle as it does in the BERMUDA TRIANGLE

ANALYSIS

Since the magnetic hill is covered by tall mountains on all its sides, it appears that our car is climbing the road though there is a downslope at that region. Optical Illusion happens as due to tall mountains and almost a straight road for many kilometers, the sun's rays are reflected back from such slopes and they pass from over the hills due to which it appears that they are coming from upslopes.

When the car is parked in Neutral in the box, then there is actually a slope and massive winds from infront which push the car back and the car accelerates due to the slope

LEFT- THIS IS THE ROAD ON WHICH THE CAR MOVES DOWN AS SEEN FROM MAGNETIC HILL. LEH TOWN IN BACK OF ME. IF YOU PARK THE CAR, THEN CAR MOVES ON THIS ROAD DOWNSIDE.

LEFT- SITUATED AT THE FAR END OF THE ROAD IS THE MAGNETIC HILL. THIS IS APX 20M AWAY FROM THE SPOT. THE VEHICLE GETS PULLED STRAIGHT.

CONCLUSION-

THERE IS A SLOPE ON THE MAGNETIC HILL. DUE TO OPTICAL ILLUSIONS, IT APPEARS AS IF THE ROAD IS UPHILL AND THE CAR CLIMBS IT.

OTHER GRAVITY HILLS IN THE WORLD WHERE SAME PHENOMENA OF OPTICAL ILLUSION IS SEEN

• 1 Australia
• 2 Canada
• 3 China
• 4 Dominican Republic
• 5 France
• 6 Guatemala
• 7 India
• 8 Ireland
• 9 Isle of Man
• 10 Korea, South
• 11 Mexico
• 12 Philippines
• 13 Saudi Arabia
• 14 South Africa
• 15 South Korea
• 16 United Kingdom
  • 16.1 England
  • 16.2 Scotland
  • 16.3 Northern Ireland
• 17 United States
• 17.1 Alabama
• 17.2 Arkansas
• 17.3 California
• 17.4 Connecticut
• 17.5 Florida
• 17.6 Georgia
• 17.7 Indiana
• 17.8 Kentucky
• 17.9 Massachusetts
• 17.10 Michigan
• 17.11 Missouri
• 17.12 New Jersey
• 17.13 North Carolina
• 17.14 Ohio
• 17.15 Oklahoma
• 17.16 Oregon
• 17.17 Pennsylvania
• 17.18 South Dakota
• 17.19 Texas
• 17.20 Utah
• 17.21 Wisconsin

I ALSO HAVE UPLOADED SOME VIDEOS OF THE LEH MAGNETIC HILL ON YOUTUBE WHICH WILL DESCRIBE BETTER

CHECK FOR CHANNEL- mrakshaydeoras ON YOUTUBE TO SEE THE VIDEO

video here-

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELs3f0zr3Js

Rotating Blackhole Time travel paper( Unfinished)

Modified write up!

STRUCTURE OF WORMHOLE,ITS COMPOSTION AND THE NATURE OF PHOTONS PASSING THROUGH IT-
This is a write up which I have completed uptil now. Its a 5 long paged. I am now working on Schwarzschild metry and Solutions to Theory of relativity which can fit in wormhole

By - A. Deoras

Introduction-
This write up deals with the possible explainations for the exsistence of shortcuts in the Universe popularly termed as Wormhole----



CHAPTER I
PREVIOUS STUDIES,RESULTS, AND CONCLUSIONS

*** The solutions to Einstein's Theory of Relativity coupled by Nathan Rosen's work led the foundation of Einstein-Rosen Bridge of Schwarzschild wormhole. Einstein-Rosen bridge are the Vacuum solutions to Einsteins' Field Equation combining the black hole and white hole model in the year 1935.However in 1962,J.Wheeler and R.Fuller published a paper showing that the wormhole so formed from the vacuum solutions is unstable and will disappear very soon as soon as it is formed. Schwarzschild concluded that his wormhole was a non traversable one!
Kip Thorne considered the throat of Schwarzschild wormhole as having Exotic matter.
In 1988, Morris,Thorne,Yurtsever worked to convert a wormhole traversing space into one traversing time. This has been disputed.

CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION TO THE ARTICLE
The article deals with the environment required for existence of traversable wormholes by using the time dilation equation and conversion of inertial to non inertial frame of references.
The article also deals with the aspects of traversibility of wormholes.
The article also specifies the ideal composition of wormhole

CHAPTER III
SOLUTIONS TO SCHWARZSCHILD METRY
The solutions to the schwarzschild metry can be positive or negative. Solutions refer to Square roots inside the horizon. For Schwarzschild metrical solutions to wormhole, negative square root indicates negative properties relating to negative attraction and negative energy. The second of law of thermodynamics is violated by wormholes which acts as barrier for their mathematical existence. Negative square root of Black hole's solution indicates matter being released with tremendous speed outside the event horizon. The present models of Wormhole contain Black Hole for sucking matter and White hole for ejecting matter.

CHAPTER IV
STABILITY OF WORMHOLE
The mathematical models require an exotic matter at the throat of wormhole for stabilisation. Exotic matter is a matter with negative energy/pressure. The 2-D diagram will make a ring form at the throat of Black and White holes which will maintain the stability of wormhole.The shell is supposed to have a positive surface pressure and negative mass. These all features help the stability of wormhole


CHAPTER V
VIOLATION OF WHITE HOLE BY LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal principle of entropy, stating that the entropy of an isolated system which is not in equilibrium will tend to increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium; and that the entropy change dS of a system undergoing any infinitesimal reversible process is given by δq / T, where δq is the heat supplied to the system and T is the absolute temperature of the system.Wormhole has not this tendency so it might not exist.

CHAPTER VI
BLACK HOLE FORMATION AND WHITE HOLE FORMATION WITH THE PROPERTIES

Also As we know after a death of a star, Black holes are created if the mass of the star was more than CHANDRASHEKHAR LIMIT
HOW CAN A WORMHOLE EXIST. LET US TALK ON ITS PROPERTIES AS SUGGESTED BY SCHWARZSCHILD METRY.
THE WORMHOLE EJECTS MATTER. THIS MEANS THAT ITS GRAVITY IS NOT ZERO. IF IT HAS SOME MASS AT THE CENTER WHICH FORMS GRAVITY THEN HOW CAN AN ATOM BE EJECTED WITH SPEED. THIS MIGHT LEAD US TO THINK THAT THERE MIGHT BE A NEGATIVE ENERGY AT THE THROAT OF A WORMHOLE. I DISAGREE ON IT.

CHAPTER VII
MY VIEWS ON WORMHOLE

ON MY VIEWS OF A TRAVERSABLE WORMHOLES THERE MIGHT NOT BE SOMETHING AT THE OTHER END OF A WORMHOLE

CONTEMPLARY-
""A WORMHOLE ACTUALLY FOLDS THE UNIVERSE"""
IT IS A POPULAR STATEMENT.
AFTER PLOTTING TWO POINTS ON SPACE-TIME CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM, WHICH ARE SUPPOSED TO BE NEAR TO EACH OTHER
DUE TO FOLDING,THE CO-ORDINATES ARE SAME AS THEY WERE BEFORE<>
SO IT IS NOT THAT FOLDING OF SPACE IS A WORMHOLE
THIS IS FOR ANY PLANET.
THIS IMPLIES THAT TIME TRAVEL IS NOT GOING TO HAPPEN DUE TO FINITE SPACE-TIME CURVATURE AS DONE BY PLANETS AND THE FOLDING CONCEPT IS ENTIRELY WRONG
TWO UNIVERSES ARE ALWAYS PARALLEL.

CHAPTER VIII
ENVIRONMENT OF WORMHOLE

II ENVIRONMENT FOR SCHWARZSCHILD WORMHOLE--
REQUIREMENT- BLACK HOLE-
A BLACK HOLES CENTER HAS INFINITE SPACE-TIME CURVATURE. TO EXPLAIN IT HAS SINGULARITY OF INFINITY.
IF WE CONSIDER LIGHT-CONE DIAGRAM ANY TWO PARALLEL UNIVERSES ARE SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER BY A HORIZONTAL LINE OF A LINE OF ZERO TIME AS THE Y CO-ORDINATE OF X-AXIS IS ZERO. I CALL THIS HORIZONTAL AS A LINE OF HORIZONTAL OF A LINE OF REFRENCE.
IF WE CONSIDER TWO PARREL UNIVERSES,ONE ABOVE THE LINE AND THE OTHER BELOW.
THESE TWO UNIVERSES HAVE INDEPENDENT TIME. AT THE BLACK HOLE AREA, THE SPACE-TIME CURVATURE IS INFINITE.
ACCORDING TO ME IT JUST TOUCHES THE LINE OF HORIZONTAL BUT DOESN'T PASS BELOW IT.
THE SPACE-TIME FABRIC WILL TOUCH THE LINE AT A POINT WHICH AFTER SOME YEARS WILL BECOME A TRAVERSABLE HOLE.
DURING ITS LIFE, A BLACK HOLE SUCKS MATTER. SUPPOSE IT TAKEN IN AN ATOM, DUE TO STRONG G FORCE AT THE CENTER,IT WILL CONTINUE TO MOVE IN ORBIT INSIDE THE BLACK HOLE GRADUALLY COLLAPSING WITH ITS CENTER. BUT IF AT THIS MOMENT ONLY " BLACK HOLE EVAPORATION> STARTS BLACK HOLE WILL START LOSING ITS MASS SO THE SPACE-TIME CURVATURE WILL DECREASE AND DUE TO INERTIA OF THAT ATOM, IT WILL PASS THROUGH THAT POINT AND FALL BELOW THE LINE AND THUS A TIME TRAVEL.

MY CALCULATIONS ARE SUGGESTING THAT IT WILL BE DIFFICULT FOR THAT ATOM TO AVOID THE COLLAPSE WITH THE CENTER OF THE BLACK HOLE BUT IF THAT ATOM HAS A STRONG INERTIA IT WILL FALL DOW. "
HOW I JUSTIFY THAT THE COLLAPSE WILL BE AVOIDED---------------

BLACK HOLE EVAPORATION MUST BEGIN AT LEAST A SECOND BEFORE THE ATOM REACHES THE MINIMUM SCHWARZSCHILD RADIUS. THIS WILL ALLOW THE ATOM TO GET SOME TIME TO AVOID COLLAPSE. IF SUCH HAPPENS, THE CORE OF BLACK HOLE WILL PASS THROUGH THE ATOM WITHOUT AFFECTING IT. PROBLEM COME CAN I JUSTIFY ON THE BASIS OF INERTIAL ONLY

MY VIEWS-
INTERTIAL MASS OF THE ATOM WILL BE MORE THAN THE MASS OF BLACK HOLE. THIS WILL ALLOW THE ATOM TO DOMINATE.
BUT IF THE ATOM IS WELL ABOVE NR THE EVENT HORIZON, THEN THE PROCESS WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE. AS I RELATE MINIMUM SCHWARZSCHILD RADIUS, MAXIMUM CHANCE OF TRAVEL
ONCE THE MATTER FALLS INTO THE SECOND UNIVERSE, BY FORMULA

1/ = <-a,-b> where a,b are the x and y co-ordinates of any particle in the space....

CONCLUSIONS BASED ON WRITE UPS--
1] FOLDING OF SPACE IS NOT A WORMHOLE AND TIME TRAVEL
2] WORMHOLES ARE NOTHING BUT THE STAGE WHERE BLACK HOLES START EVAPORATING,THE ATOM NEAR ITS CENTER WILL PEEP BY VIRTUE OF INTERTIA
3] WORMHOLES DON'T REQUIRE WHITE HOLES FOR EXISTENCE
4] THE SPACE-TIME DIMENSION SAYS THERE IS A LINE OF HORIZONTAL WHOSE CO-ORDINATE IS ZERO
5] TIME TRAVEL TAKES PLACE WHEN THE POSITION OF A BODY ON SPACE-TIME CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM REVERSES
6] FOR A COSMIC TUNNEL, SPACE-TIME FABRIC DOESN'T EXIST. IT GEtS CONVERTED TO TIME FABRIC BY FORMULA.