Published in The Hitavada,18th Dec 2012
Tuesday, December 18, 2012
Transform Fault at Ngalang
Alutsyah Luthfian | Contributor
Ngalang River was our second field trip location. It is located in Ngalang Village, Gedangsari District, Wonosari Regency. Using motorcycle, we could reach it from Javan Cultural Centre of Yogyakarta for about, uhm... 2 hours.
What's unique about Ngalang River? In its north - south traverse, the river encompasses four formations respectively (Semilir, Nglanggran, Sambipitu, and Oyo), and the inter-formation contact can be clearly seen. This means, amateur geologists like me didn't waste much sweat there :-D. Have you read my previous post about Watuadeg Pillow Lava? If haven't so, please read it too :-D just to make the whole geological story complete.
The Semilir Formation is composed of tuff, dacitic pumice breccia, tuffaceous sandstone, and shale. This was resulted from a mega-colossal Early to Middle Miocene volcanic eruptions at Parangjoho and Songputri area in Wonogiri, about 30 km to the southeast. Why mega-colossal? The first thing to note is this formation's lateral spread. Unlike a usual volcanigenic geological formation (which can be drawn in one or two quadrangles of geologic map) this Semilir Formation needs four sheets (Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Pacitan, and Ponorogo Sheet), equivalent to > 1000 km2 spread. Another thing to note is this formation's dacitic to andesite rocks, a sign that this formation's magma source was mildly enriched in silica. Those enriched magma might been in the process of cooling (represented by dacite rock), thus it releases gaseous fluid into the chamber and ---- ULTRA PLINIAN ERUPTION!
Beside Semilir Formation, there was deposited Nglanggran Formation. Same with his friend Semilir, this formation is composed of andesite rock. The difference is at the genesis; Nglanggran was deposited by a rather "quiet" volcano, refer to its composition: thick lavas plus some breccias (no tuffs and pumices). The breccias are deposited in deep sea environment, due to its visible reverse bedding. Reverse bedding is a behavior of sedimentation process in which softer sediments are deposited below the coarser one due to turbidite current - a rapid current resulting from very muddy and stony marine landslide. Asking about the source volcabo's dimension ? Never compare it to today's Merapi, it might be as huge as 4,000 or even 5,500 meters (seeing the case of Mount Kenya, prior to its carving by glaciation,the volcano's height was predicted to be 7,000 m). Nglanggran Formation was deposited alternately with Semilir Formation - thus Nglanggran Formation is also from Early to Middle Miocene.
Above the Nglanggran Formation...(Note, just Nglanggran, not including Semilir), deposited the Sambipitu Formation. Sambipitu Formation seems to be deposited in coastal environment, due to its abundance of sand, clay and mud. Some features we can found in Sambipitu Formation is burrow (a hole cutting accross lamination which was dig by animals), mud cracks, and convolute bedding. It was deposited around Middle Miocene.
The latter formation is Oyo Formation. The Oyo Formation is interesting, the lower part is composed of tuff and tuffaceous marl but as you trace it upward it would gradually changes into bedded limestone with some rounded andesite fragments. It might be deposited in continental shelf at Middle Miocene, after Sambipitu. Lack of eruptional-origin materials at Sambipitu and Oyo Formation is a sign of retreating volcanic activity during the course of Middle Miocene.
Geological Background of Ngalang River
Ngalang River was our second field trip location. It is located in Ngalang Village, Gedangsari District, Wonosari Regency. Using motorcycle, we could reach it from Javan Cultural Centre of Yogyakarta for about, uhm... 2 hours.
What's unique about Ngalang River? In its north - south traverse, the river encompasses four formations respectively (Semilir, Nglanggran, Sambipitu, and Oyo), and the inter-formation contact can be clearly seen. This means, amateur geologists like me didn't waste much sweat there :-D. Have you read my previous post about Watuadeg Pillow Lava? If haven't so, please read it too :-D just to make the whole geological story complete.
The Semilir Formation is composed of tuff, dacitic pumice breccia, tuffaceous sandstone, and shale. This was resulted from a mega-colossal Early to Middle Miocene volcanic eruptions at Parangjoho and Songputri area in Wonogiri, about 30 km to the southeast. Why mega-colossal? The first thing to note is this formation's lateral spread. Unlike a usual volcanigenic geological formation (which can be drawn in one or two quadrangles of geologic map) this Semilir Formation needs four sheets (Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Pacitan, and Ponorogo Sheet), equivalent to > 1000 km2 spread. Another thing to note is this formation's dacitic to andesite rocks, a sign that this formation's magma source was mildly enriched in silica. Those enriched magma might been in the process of cooling (represented by dacite rock), thus it releases gaseous fluid into the chamber and ---- ULTRA PLINIAN ERUPTION!
Beside Semilir Formation, there was deposited Nglanggran Formation. Same with his friend Semilir, this formation is composed of andesite rock. The difference is at the genesis; Nglanggran was deposited by a rather "quiet" volcano, refer to its composition: thick lavas plus some breccias (no tuffs and pumices). The breccias are deposited in deep sea environment, due to its visible reverse bedding. Reverse bedding is a behavior of sedimentation process in which softer sediments are deposited below the coarser one due to turbidite current - a rapid current resulting from very muddy and stony marine landslide. Asking about the source volcabo's dimension ? Never compare it to today's Merapi, it might be as huge as 4,000 or even 5,500 meters (seeing the case of Mount Kenya, prior to its carving by glaciation,the volcano's height was predicted to be 7,000 m). Nglanggran Formation was deposited alternately with Semilir Formation - thus Nglanggran Formation is also from Early to Middle Miocene.
Above the Nglanggran Formation...(Note, just Nglanggran, not including Semilir), deposited the Sambipitu Formation. Sambipitu Formation seems to be deposited in coastal environment, due to its abundance of sand, clay and mud. Some features we can found in Sambipitu Formation is burrow (a hole cutting accross lamination which was dig by animals), mud cracks, and convolute bedding. It was deposited around Middle Miocene.
The latter formation is Oyo Formation. The Oyo Formation is interesting, the lower part is composed of tuff and tuffaceous marl but as you trace it upward it would gradually changes into bedded limestone with some rounded andesite fragments. It might be deposited in continental shelf at Middle Miocene, after Sambipitu. Lack of eruptional-origin materials at Sambipitu and Oyo Formation is a sign of retreating volcanic activity during the course of Middle Miocene.
 |
| A crop of Eastern Yogyakarta stratigraphy, made by Surono (1992). |
Faulting at Ngalang River
Besides good quality outcrops and inter-formation contacts, other thing can't be missed in Ngalang River is the fault. Based on geological map (released 1992) made by Surono, B. Toha, and Ignatius Sudarno (the latter is my lecturer for structural geology), there is a sinistral transform fault at Ngalang River. Here is the crop of the map.
This is the geologic cross section of Ngalang River made by Anindyo Widiasworo (2011) in his undergraduate thesis. This geologic cross section runs from northwest to southeast and cutting Ngalang River at its mid (see the fault and the first 'S' - stands for 'sungai' or river).
In those cross section, we could see that the eastern part of the sinistral fault is uplifted.
Up to this section, everything is fine. But when going into the realm, my mind = kicked.
Why those should happen ?...
 |
| Dextral transform fault at Ngalang. North is to above. |
Up to this section, everything is fine. But when going into the realm, my mind = kicked.
Why those should happen ?...
 |
| The contact between Nglanggran and Sambipitu Formation. The Nglanggran Formation is dominated with breccias and sandy siltstone . The sandy siltstone is deposited below breccia - a clear example of reverse bedding. The Sambipitu Formation is dominated with softer sediments like tuffaceous siltstone. Photo taken by Annisa Sofhia Pratiwi and delineation by Alutsyah Luthfian. North is to your left. |
Explanation from Structural Geology's Eye
The image below may have explained what has happened in Ngalang River.
Another thing to note is the presence of micro-reverse and micro-normal faults at Sambipitu Formation. I will talk about this very later, so stay tune! :-D
Thursday, November 15, 2012
Basalt in Java.
Alutsyah Luthfian | Contributor
Long time not posting there... well I promised myself I will post here after the long, full of romance petrology first field trip. What will I tell you? Something about basalt. You know, in andesitic Indonesian volcanic arc, there is basalt! Truly basalt!
All Starting with Basalt
Long, very long time ago, before Paleogene epoch, the subduction of Eurasian and Australian plate has been started. This made a series of volcanoes in Bangka, Malaysia, and Riau Islands, according to Pupili (1973). The remnants of the volcano is a belt of tin-bearing granite which is mined extensively in some parts of Bangka, Belitung and Riau Islands. However, at the Paleogene (about 60 million years ago), something new was about to happen, south of the old contestant - Borneo.
Basalt lava made its way to the sea bottom, partly because of it is pushed by the subducting Australian Plate, and in another part it may be pushed out by convective flow of magma. The earliest known form of volcanism is Watuadeg pillow lava which crystallized deep in the sea about 56 mya. Basalts tends to crystallize at their time of extrusion because of their very hot temperature (1200 to 1400 K) , which does not allow magma to crystallize before it is extruded. More felsic (acidic) an igneous rock, more time passes between its crystallization and extrusion.
How is Watuadeg pillow lava looks like?
That's the basalt. Looks impressive, isn't it? With cracks in its surface caused by fast cooling, fragile glassy minerals in its surface and fast movement of lava flow. When it is cut latitudinally, we would see concentric rings which mark the changing of rocks composition ; glassy mineral abundance nears the surface and subhedral to anhedral minerals visible in inner part. Subhedral mineral is a mineral in which some of its sides is not perfectly shaped. Anhedral mineral is a mineral in which all of its sides is not perfect. Silicate minerals present in this rock are pyroxene and plagioclase. Pyroxene is black, and plagioclase is slightly transparent. The abundance of pyroxene and plagioclase is 5% and 15%, respectively. Olivine in this rock has been oxidated into Ferric Oxyhydroxide.
The picture below shows pyroxene and plagioclase in basalt rock specimen from Watuadeg. The big, shiny crystal near the left-center of image is plagioclase, more specifically labradorite. Labradorite tends to be more shiny than pyroxene, especially at the cleavage. Labradorite cleaves in good quality (smooth surface) at {001} but not do at {010}. Compared to pyroxene, pyroxene cleaves more clearly and better at that sides. {001} and {010} is Bravais - Miller indices, in which {001} corresponds to crystal face facing in z-direction, and {010} is crystal face facing in y-direction. In Bravais - Miller indices, the x-y axis is rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise.
The picture below shows pyroxene and plagioclase in basalt rock specimen from Watuadeg. The big, shiny crystal near the left-center of image is plagioclase, more specifically labradorite. Labradorite tends to be more shiny than pyroxene, especially at the cleavage. Labradorite cleaves in good quality (smooth surface) at {001} but not do at {010}. Compared to pyroxene, pyroxene cleaves more clearly and better at that sides. {001} and {010} is Bravais - Miller indices, in which {001} corresponds to crystal face facing in z-direction, and {010} is crystal face facing in y-direction. In Bravais - Miller indices, the x-y axis is rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise.
Geochemical and Tectonic Aspects
In Java Island alone, there are many places in which basaltic pillow lava exposed. I will divide them into two categories, the eastern and western part. The eastern part, comprising Watuadeg, Nampurejo, and some areas to the east of it are the place where pillow lavas exposed without significant deformation. The western part like Karang Sambung and other areas to its west are the place where pillow lavas exposed with significant deformation. The geochemical aspects of western and eastern part is also different.
The main geochemical difference between western and eastern part is the amount of Potassium Oxide of basaltic rock. This Watuadeg pillow lava contains 0.64% Potassium Oxide, while the Karang Sambung one contains 0.28%. Based on the amount of Potassium Oxide, scientists like Kuno (1960), Bronto (1994), Suparka and Soeria-Atmadja (1991) can determine that Watuadeg pillow lava is a back arc/subduction zone-related volcanism and Karang Sambung is an oceanic ridge-related volcanism.
Back arc volcanism is an evidence of calc-alkaline magma series. Quite a jargon? Yeah, I will explain here. Calc-alkaline magma series is a series of magma evolution ; the first volcanoes give us basaltic magma, then another volcano that erupts much-much later (million years afterwards) give us a more acidic magma, call it andesite basalt. Much later another volcano born and give us andesite. The latter volcanoes , but before the more recent Merapi or Merbabu, gives us diorite. Merapi and Merbabu alone gives us rhyolit. The changing of magma composition from basalt to rhyolit is a sign of silicate enrichment - caused by melting of subducted Australian Plate. The melting itself is promoted not only by heat, but also by seawater that contained in the subducted sediments or seeping in rock cracks/faults. Seawater also carry ions like Potassium to the mantle, that's why subduction related-volcanism typically have higher Potassium Oxide than the ridge-related one.
By being a back arc volcano, this Watuadeg pillow lava is relatively undisturbed by tectonic deformation. The three thing that may disturb him is magmatic intrusion, faulting and acidic water. But knowing that glassy minerals is mostly composed of stable and resistant silica, acidic water can only oxidize and dissolve the olivine inside by means of seeping into rock cracks - creating an interconnected void which later cause some part of rock to detach and lost into sediments around. This mechanism may explain why there is basaltic inclusion in pumiceous sandstone ~5 meters east of it.
The main geochemical difference between western and eastern part is the amount of Potassium Oxide of basaltic rock. This Watuadeg pillow lava contains 0.64% Potassium Oxide, while the Karang Sambung one contains 0.28%. Based on the amount of Potassium Oxide, scientists like Kuno (1960), Bronto (1994), Suparka and Soeria-Atmadja (1991) can determine that Watuadeg pillow lava is a back arc/subduction zone-related volcanism and Karang Sambung is an oceanic ridge-related volcanism.
Back arc volcanism is an evidence of calc-alkaline magma series. Quite a jargon? Yeah, I will explain here. Calc-alkaline magma series is a series of magma evolution ; the first volcanoes give us basaltic magma, then another volcano that erupts much-much later (million years afterwards) give us a more acidic magma, call it andesite basalt. Much later another volcano born and give us andesite. The latter volcanoes , but before the more recent Merapi or Merbabu, gives us diorite. Merapi and Merbabu alone gives us rhyolit. The changing of magma composition from basalt to rhyolit is a sign of silicate enrichment - caused by melting of subducted Australian Plate. The melting itself is promoted not only by heat, but also by seawater that contained in the subducted sediments or seeping in rock cracks/faults. Seawater also carry ions like Potassium to the mantle, that's why subduction related-volcanism typically have higher Potassium Oxide than the ridge-related one.
By being a back arc volcano, this Watuadeg pillow lava is relatively undisturbed by tectonic deformation. The three thing that may disturb him is magmatic intrusion, faulting and acidic water. But knowing that glassy minerals is mostly composed of stable and resistant silica, acidic water can only oxidize and dissolve the olivine inside by means of seeping into rock cracks - creating an interconnected void which later cause some part of rock to detach and lost into sediments around. This mechanism may explain why there is basaltic inclusion in pumiceous sandstone ~5 meters east of it.
What Happened Afterwards
After this extrusion of pillow lava, this pillow lava may be raised up well above his hometown in 2000 meters-deep ocean. This thrusting activity works for so long until this pillow lava is exposed above sea level, where acidic water is abundant. Acidic water carve this pillow lava and deposited the sandstone containing pumice and tuff. The pumice and tuff might be resulted from the slopes of a group of andesitic volcanoes 20 to 50 kilometers SE. The andesitic volcano might have erupted colosally due to very thick volcanic debris deposits. The colossal eruption is due to accumulation of gases during transition from basaltic to andesitic volcanism, which is also the quiet era of Javan Volcanoes. That colossal eruption was happened in Middle Miocene (around 16 to 11 mya).
Sunday, August 26, 2012
RIP Neil Armstrong
Neil Armstrong, the first man to step on the Moon has passed away on 25th August 2012 due to problems relating to the CardiVascular Process
Neil Armstrong will always be remembered for "That ONE SMALL STEP" he took which brought a "GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND"
Akshay's Gyaan Networks pays TRIBUTE to Neil Armstrong,May His soul rest in a peace and his family come out of the grief!
(Image Courtesy- CBS News)
Friday, August 24, 2012
Frequent Above 100 Max monthly SSN ( Smoothed Sunspot No) during Solar Cycle 15-23 AND Solar Activity Update
This week and since a few days earlier, the space weather has been mostly CALM with a remarkable silence from the Sun as no Major Sunspots (Capable of producing a High end Solar Flare) have been noted on the Solar Disc.
Here is a very interesting observation about the Solar Data esp the Max Smoothed Sunspot No from a Solar Cycle 15 to 23
Here is the Smoothed Sunspot No (Monthly basis) during individual Solar Cycle from Cycle 15-23. We had initially thought of Solar Max and Min in a cycle but the non stop high SSN from Solar Cycle 17 to 20 leads us to think whether the solar cycles are related to each other in terms of their max SSN or not.
Solar Cycle Cycle starts Cycle ends Amplitude(yr) Max SSN ( Monthly) Min SSN Spotless days
Solar cycle 15 August 1913 August 1923 10.0 105.4 (Aug 1917) 5.6 534
Solar cycle 16 August 1923 September 1933 10.1 78.1 (Apr 1928) 3.5 568
Solar cycle 17 September 1933 February 1944 10.4 119.2 (Apr 1937) 7.7 269
Solar cycle 18 February 1944 April 1954 10.2 151.8 (May 1947) 3.4 446
Solar cycle 19 April 1954 October 1964 10.5 201.3 (Mar 1958) 9.6 227
Solar cycle 20 October 1964 June 1976 11.7 110.6 (Nov 1968) 12.2 272
Solar cycle 21 June 1976 September 1986 10.3 164.5 (Dec 1979) 12.3 273
Solar cycle 22 September 1986 May 1996 9.7 158.5 (Jul 1989) 8.0 309
Solar cycle 23 May 1996 December 2008 [10] 12.6 120.8 (Mar 2000) 1.7 821
(Source; Wikipedia List of Solar Cycles)
Thus one can infer that since the Solar Cycle 15, the max sunspot no ( monthly) has reached above 100 ( except Solar Cycle 16).
The Solar Cycle 24 so far had the max SSN ( IPS Solar Based) of 96.7 in Nov 2011
The July 2012 SSN has been 66.5 as against the estimated 72.1 . The SSN was 64.5 in June 2012.
Here is a very interesting observation about the Solar Data esp the Max Smoothed Sunspot No from a Solar Cycle 15 to 23
Here is the Smoothed Sunspot No (Monthly basis) during individual Solar Cycle from Cycle 15-23. We had initially thought of Solar Max and Min in a cycle but the non stop high SSN from Solar Cycle 17 to 20 leads us to think whether the solar cycles are related to each other in terms of their max SSN or not.
Solar Cycle Cycle starts Cycle ends Amplitude(yr) Max SSN ( Monthly) Min SSN Spotless days
Solar cycle 15 August 1913 August 1923 10.0 105.4 (Aug 1917) 5.6 534
Solar cycle 16 August 1923 September 1933 10.1 78.1 (Apr 1928) 3.5 568
Solar cycle 17 September 1933 February 1944 10.4 119.2 (Apr 1937) 7.7 269
Solar cycle 18 February 1944 April 1954 10.2 151.8 (May 1947) 3.4 446
Solar cycle 19 April 1954 October 1964 10.5 201.3 (Mar 1958) 9.6 227
Solar cycle 20 October 1964 June 1976 11.7 110.6 (Nov 1968) 12.2 272
Solar cycle 21 June 1976 September 1986 10.3 164.5 (Dec 1979) 12.3 273
Solar cycle 22 September 1986 May 1996 9.7 158.5 (Jul 1989) 8.0 309
Solar cycle 23 May 1996 December 2008 [10] 12.6 120.8 (Mar 2000) 1.7 821
(Source; Wikipedia List of Solar Cycles)
Thus one can infer that since the Solar Cycle 15, the max sunspot no ( monthly) has reached above 100 ( except Solar Cycle 16).
The Solar Cycle 24 so far had the max SSN ( IPS Solar Based) of 96.7 in Nov 2011
The July 2012 SSN has been 66.5 as against the estimated 72.1 . The SSN was 64.5 in June 2012.
Article: Earthquake at 30,000ft above the ground???
Already having a meteorological background,it was easy for me to figure out what type of conditions are really needed for such turbulences to occur which makes one feel like Earthquakes even at an elevation of 30,000 ft (Mostly due to the CAT turbulence type or if the flight accidentally enters the Cumulonimbus Cloud System)..
This article this scientifically explains this phenomena of Turbulence...
It was published in The Hitavada on 22nd May 2012
(The CB cloud photo was taken by me on 11th May 2012 while I was enroute to Mumbai from Nagpur)
Article: Guest from the Cosmos in Vidarbha (The Hitavada,5th June 2012)
Surprisingly, an earthquake measuring 2.1M on the Richter Scale was recorded 30km NE of Akola which is near to Nagpur.
The article thus explains the basic difference between a meteorite,meteoroid and meteror in a very simple and illustrative way. Also I have investigated whether the Earthquake was caused to the impact or not (As a few meteorites had produced Earthquakes in the past)
The article was Co-Authored by Me,AKGs Aluth Fian and Mr.Sandeep Shirkhedkar.
I thank them for their support
Times of India interview (20th August 2012)
It was published in The Times of India,Nagpur on 20th Aug 2012
Monday, July 16, 2012
General Factorial Formula
Alutsyah Luthfian | Create Your Badge
General Factorial Formula:
General Factorial Formula:
\[x\underbrace {!!...!}_n = x\left( {x - n} \right)\left( {x - 2n} \right) \cdot \cdot \cdot a\]
a is the smallest integer, in which $a - n = 0$ or negative numbers.
Thursday, June 7, 2012
Tuesday, May 1, 2012
SPECTACLES IN THE UNIVERSE!
THE HITAVADA,NAGPUR ON 1ST MAY 2012
Here is a view of the latest article titled as " Spectacles in the Universe" which was published in the 1st May 2012 edition of The Hitavada newspaper. The article is on the very basics of gravitational lensing and its analogy to a person wearing specs on the Earth. The article has been co-authored by myself ( Akshay Deoras) and Prof.Shashikumar Chitre ( Dr S.M Chitre) who is Professor Emeritus at the Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences at Mumbai.
Prof.Chitre has many years experience in the field of Gravitational Lensing and known for his joint work with Prof.Jayant V Narlikar ( IUCAA) of proposing "The apparent Superluminal Motion in Quasars through Gravitational Lensing" in 1978.
The idea of writing this article generated in my mind a few days ago ignited by the Public Lecture by Prof.Jayant V Narlikar a few days ago in Nagpur. The article is purposively titled as Spectacles in the Universe as a comparison is made between the gravitational lens and the spectacles of a person which is a convex lens basically.
Following Keywords shall assist the readers to understand the topic-
General Theory of Relativity- Proposed by Albert Einstein in 1916 explains the relation between the Space and Time referred as Space Time with Gravitation. The theory explains how a gravitational mass influence the space-time in the universe consisting of Space-Time Fabrics causing curvatures in the Space-Time called as Space Time Curvature. The theory also proposed that a ray of light will be influenced by this bending of space time causing the light to travel a geodesic path.
Quasar- Quasar stands for Quasi-Stellar Radio Source is a very compact form of the Galactic Nuclei ( roughly the center of galaxy) known as an AGN ( Active Galactic Nuclei). Quasars are being studied and are known to be powered by the accretion ( falling in) of material such as interstellar gas etc. in a black hole ( Supermassive BlackHole) at the centers of Galaxy. Thus mechanism produces a source which generates tremendous emissions especially across the Radio and Visible Spectrum. A single quasar can outshine an entire galaxy.
Einstein Cross,Einstein Ring,Einstein Arc- These are the names given to a specific shaped images of a distant quasar mostly influenced by a gravitational lens like high mass galaxies.
Extra-solar planet- known as exoplanets which are orbiting distant stars in their respective star-planet system. Its a classical case of Gravitational Microlensing where as mentioned below images ( virtual or real) of the sources aren't produced by there are changes in the intensity of light coming from the source ( similar to astronomical transit). A major difference between astronomical transit and a result of Gravitational Microlensing is that in the case of a transit, an object ( say any heavenly body appearing smaller than the source star) passes infront of the source and hence an observer viewing in the same plane and same axis notices a dim in the light from the source. In the case of Gravitational Microlensing, a star can even pass infront of the source and due to the lensing, the light of the source instead of dimming magnifies...
Credits-
Prof.S M Chitre
Prof. Jayant V Narlikar
Vikas Vaidya ( The Hitavada)
Here is a view of the latest article titled as " Spectacles in the Universe" which was published in the 1st May 2012 edition of The Hitavada newspaper. The article is on the very basics of gravitational lensing and its analogy to a person wearing specs on the Earth. The article has been co-authored by myself ( Akshay Deoras) and Prof.Shashikumar Chitre ( Dr S.M Chitre) who is Professor Emeritus at the Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences at Mumbai.
Prof.Chitre has many years experience in the field of Gravitational Lensing and known for his joint work with Prof.Jayant V Narlikar ( IUCAA) of proposing "The apparent Superluminal Motion in Quasars through Gravitational Lensing" in 1978.
The idea of writing this article generated in my mind a few days ago ignited by the Public Lecture by Prof.Jayant V Narlikar a few days ago in Nagpur. The article is purposively titled as Spectacles in the Universe as a comparison is made between the gravitational lens and the spectacles of a person which is a convex lens basically.
Following Keywords shall assist the readers to understand the topic-
General Theory of Relativity- Proposed by Albert Einstein in 1916 explains the relation between the Space and Time referred as Space Time with Gravitation. The theory explains how a gravitational mass influence the space-time in the universe consisting of Space-Time Fabrics causing curvatures in the Space-Time called as Space Time Curvature. The theory also proposed that a ray of light will be influenced by this bending of space time causing the light to travel a geodesic path.
Quasar- Quasar stands for Quasi-Stellar Radio Source is a very compact form of the Galactic Nuclei ( roughly the center of galaxy) known as an AGN ( Active Galactic Nuclei). Quasars are being studied and are known to be powered by the accretion ( falling in) of material such as interstellar gas etc. in a black hole ( Supermassive BlackHole) at the centers of Galaxy. Thus mechanism produces a source which generates tremendous emissions especially across the Radio and Visible Spectrum. A single quasar can outshine an entire galaxy.
Einstein Cross,Einstein Ring,Einstein Arc- These are the names given to a specific shaped images of a distant quasar mostly influenced by a gravitational lens like high mass galaxies.
Extra-solar planet- known as exoplanets which are orbiting distant stars in their respective star-planet system. Its a classical case of Gravitational Microlensing where as mentioned below images ( virtual or real) of the sources aren't produced by there are changes in the intensity of light coming from the source ( similar to astronomical transit). A major difference between astronomical transit and a result of Gravitational Microlensing is that in the case of a transit, an object ( say any heavenly body appearing smaller than the source star) passes infront of the source and hence an observer viewing in the same plane and same axis notices a dim in the light from the source. In the case of Gravitational Microlensing, a star can even pass infront of the source and due to the lensing, the light of the source instead of dimming magnifies...
Credits-
Prof.S M Chitre
Prof. Jayant V Narlikar
Vikas Vaidya ( The Hitavada)
Wednesday, April 18, 2012
Mineralogy at A Glance
Introduction
Hi readers! This time I wanna talk about mineralogy, uhm, a bit. In geophysics studies, minerals is a speaking stone. It tells us how was a layer of stone formed, what it should countain, and how old is it. A mineral is not eternal; the example being olivine. Olivine is a mineral that formed deep in the basaltic magma chamber. This green, transparent and beautiful mineral is hard. Beside its hardness, when it is put in the river, it would oxidize into another mineral called iddingsite, with different chemical composition than olivine. Another example being graphite that is compressed and heated near earth mantle, after which it changes into diamond. What making minerals ephemeral is simply the geologic processes - it changes the position of minerals in the Earth. For minerals, changing of position also means changing of thermodynamic condition and physical treatment. An igneous stone blasted by volcano, sooner or later would be carried into sea. In the sea, rock powder soon turned into layers of sediment rocks because of pressure brought by water weight. Then the plate tectonic mechanism drive the sediment to the trench and here the sediments are pressed as much as several gigapascals into metamorphic rocks. If lucky, some of the metamorphic rock is lifted again to the earth surface, creating mounts of marbles. If not, it melt again in the astenosphere, becoming magma and repeat the cycle.
How Does Minerals Form ?
Minerals are natural things, so diamonds produced at factory, instead of having near-original diamond qualities, is not called mineral. Because mineral is natural, so its forming process is always natural (not man-made). And also, differ crystal and mineral. We can grow mineral's crystal in laboratory, but we can not call that crystal as 'mineral'. Also, a volcanic lava which cools fast can not make their mineral into crystals - that's why we see igneous rock as black or gray. A black volcanic stone consist mostly of hornblende mineral while the grey one may have more mica or orthoclase mineral content.
Minerals are formed by following ways:
So the conclusion is, mineral formation is ruled by the change of temperature or pressure surrounding the mineral. In the case of gas deposition and evaporation, the pressure contributing there is atmospheric pressure.
All mineral is starting as a small 3D molecule called nuclei. When surrounding temperature and pressure is suitable for the nuclei, the nuclei started to attract other atom possible for binding with it. The amount of possible atom + speed of temperature change + room provided in the system (remember, there are so many similar nuclei sharing limited place together) determine the shape of mineral. If the room is large, temperature change is slow and possible atom is many, a mineral can grow into a huge, perfectly shaped one.
Minerals are formed by following ways:
- Evaporation from solution.
- Gas deposition.
- Crystalization.
- Growing in solid substance.
- Chemical reaction between two different phases.
- Evaporation from Solution When seawater is flowing into shallow evaporation ponds at morning, it will be heated by sun to a temperature possible for water molecule to break off connection with Na+ and Cl- and fly away to the air. After Na+ and Cl- ion break up with water, they will connect each other again to make NaCl (Halite mineral, common salt). If sea level recedes, more halite is deposited on land, creating salt pan. Sediments may bury the salt pan and geologic process fold that salt layer, because of its elasticity the salt layer may turn into a salt dome and mined by man as rock salt. Another example is calcite in caves, travertine stairs, or blotch of iron rust lining your tap in garden (that iron rust might not coming from your oxidizing tap but from acidic ground water that contain so much Fe2+ ion).
- Gas deposition While volcanic gases out from an erupting volcano, some of its content directly deposit into crystal. The simplest exapmle is sulphur. The deposition of sulphur is reasonable after seeing its phase diagram. Another kind of gas deposition may be occured deep in magma chamber, when bubbles of gas deep from astenosphere enter it and stick with magma chamber's outer stone roof. When sticking with the magma chamber's roof, some mineral in the gas deposited there.
- Crystalization In mineralogy, the term crystallization refers to magma or lava crystalizing when it reaches a spesific crystallization temperature. The magma, liquid form of igneous rock in the depth of earth's crust, crystalization process is so slow that the mineral there can grow into amazing sizes. Why so slow? What makes it slow is because the temperature of magma decreases slowly. The effect is it can maintain a spesific crystalization temperature for a very long time, say it could be hundreds of years. Lava is magma that reaches the earth's surface. Some lava cool fast and some slow, the faster it get cools, the smaller is the crystal size. Obsidian, a stone resulted from fastest cooling lava, has no crystal structure yet it have a vitreous (glassy) look. Andesite, another igneous rock, cools slower; the temperature of its parent lava may be as high as 700o C 2 weeks after the eruption ceased. The effect is andesite's mineral can be barely seen by naked eye. The slowest cooling magma, deep beneath earth surface, producing pegmatite. Minerals composing pegmatite is so big that we can analyze them one by one.
- Growing in solid substance This process is known to metamorphic stones. When a sedimentary or igneous stone is buried deep in earth's crust by means of geologic processes, it would face tremendous amount of heat and torturing gigapascal pressure. This coupled torment mechanism drive the molecules of rock mad. That mad molecules soon adapt to that condition (they surely can go nowhere :-D ) by reconstructing their chemical bond. When they reconstructing, it is the time when a new crystal is grow within the old one.
- Chemical reaction between two different phases When a solid mineral is exposed to some gases or liquid, some or all atom composing that mineral would be exchanged to that gas/liquid. This kind of chemical reaction surely resulted in new mineral with different chemical composition. For example, see the aforementioned olivine case. The hotter the reaction place, the faster it get done -> the concepts of activation energy of reaction.
So the conclusion is, mineral formation is ruled by the change of temperature or pressure surrounding the mineral. In the case of gas deposition and evaporation, the pressure contributing there is atmospheric pressure.
All mineral is starting as a small 3D molecule called nuclei. When surrounding temperature and pressure is suitable for the nuclei, the nuclei started to attract other atom possible for binding with it. The amount of possible atom + speed of temperature change + room provided in the system (remember, there are so many similar nuclei sharing limited place together) determine the shape of mineral. If the room is large, temperature change is slow and possible atom is many, a mineral can grow into a huge, perfectly shaped one.
Types of Mineral
In the earth, there are more than 4000 mineral. Broadly speaking, the 4000 mineral is divided into two main groups, the silicate and non silicate type. Further, the silicate type is divided into six group based on its molecular structure:
The other non silicate mineral is divided into 8 groups:
- Nesosilicates Silicate minerals composed of separated, alone SiO4 molecule.
- Sorosilicates Silicate minerals composed of paired two molecules of Si2O7 connected at one oxygen atom.
- Inosilicates Divided again into single chain inosilicates and double chain inosilicates. Single chain inosilicates are silicate minerals composed of lines of SinO3n connected at two oxygen atom. The double chain one is simply two opposing single chain connected together.
- Phyllosilicates Chains of inosilicates connected to its neighbors, creating a vast layer of silicate molecules. Each layer is connected to another layer via metallic ions between them.
- Cyclosilicates In this type of mineral, silicate molecule making a closed structure like triangle, square, or hexagonal. Ratio of Silicon versus Oxygen is 1:3.
- Tectosilicates Tectosilicate mineral has wireframe molecular structure; I mean that every silicate molecule bond tight with the other silicate molecule without specific structure, so that tectosilicate can resist weathering and other chemical reaction better.
The other non silicate mineral is divided into 8 groups:
| Mineral Group | Example Mineral | Picture | How People Use Them |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oxides | Hematite (Fe2O3) | 
|
Ore of iron |
| Sulfides | Pyrite (FeS2) | 
|
Known as fool’s gold |
| Sulfates | Gypsum (CaSO4 (+2H2O)) | 
|
Used to make plaster |
| Halides | Halite (NaCl) | 
|
Table salt |
| Carbonates | Calcite (CaCO3) | 
|
Used to make cement |
| Phosphates | Natrophosphate (Na7(PO4)2F.19H2O) | 
|
Collection |
| Borates | Ulexite (NaCa[B5O6(OH)6].5H2O) | 
|
Natural Fiber Optic |
| Native Elements | Sulfur(S) | 
|
An ingredient of drugs and chemicals |
Wednesday, April 11, 2012
NATURE SPARES INDIAN OCEAN! TSUNAMI WATCH LIFTED
**** TSUNAMI WATCH LIFTED FROM ALL THE AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN***
Thus the plates had more horizontal movement than vertical and hence NO SIGNIFICANT Tsunami was generated. If it hadn't been the Transform Fault responsible then a significant Tsunami would had generated and quite similar to 26th Dec 2004 Event..
**** UNCERTAINTY EXSIST WHETHER THERE WAS A TSUNAMI IN THAILAND ****
**** MULTIPLE LOW INTENSITY AFTERSHOCKS REPORTED AT OFFSHORE WEST COAST OF NORTH SUMATRA***
AKG Seismology Team-
A Major Sigh of Relief!! The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has lifted the TSUNAMI WATCH from all the areas where it was issued-
As per the datas from PTWC, A maximum recorded Tsunami height was 3.5ft at Meulaboh,Indonesia. Here is the report-
MEASUREMENTS OR REPORTS OF TSUNAMI WAVE ACTIVITY GAUGE LOCATION LAT LON TIME AMPL PER ------------------- ----- ------ ----- --------------- ----- MALE MV 4.2N 73.5E 1223Z 0.19M / 0.6FT 06MIN GAN MV 0.7S 73.2E 1212Z 0.03M / 0.1FT 48MIN HANIMAADHOO MV 6.8N 73.2E 1235Z 0.25M / 0.8FT 06MIN PADANG ID 1.0S 100.4E 1208Z 0.09M / 0.3FT 34MIN KO TAPHAO NOI TH 7.8N 98.4E 1143Z 0.05M / 0.2FT 06MIN ENGGANO ID 5.3S 102.3E 1104Z 0.12M / 0.4FT 04MIN TRINCONMALEE LK 8.6N 81.2E 1129Z 0.06M / 0.2FT 16MIN TELUKDALAM ID 0.6N 97.8E 1044Z 0.22M / 0.7FT 14MIN COCOS ISLAND AU 12.1S 96.9E 1102Z 0.08M / 0.3FT 18MIN SABANG ID 5.8N 95.3E 1010Z 0.36M / 1.2FT 06MIN MEULABOH ID 4.1N 96.1E 1007Z 1.06M / 3.5FT 12MIN DART 23401 8.9N 88.5E 0956Z 0.03M / 0.1FT 06MIN LAT - LATITUDE (N-NORTH, S-SOUTH) LON - LONGITUDE (E-EAST, W-WEST) TIME - TIME OF THE MEASUREMENT (Z IS UTC IS GREENWICH TIME) AMPL - TSUNAMI AMPLITUDE MEASURED RELATIVE TO NORMAL SEA LEVEL. IT IS ...NOT... CREST-TO-TROUGH WAVE HEIGHT. VALUES ARE GIVEN IN BOTH METERS(M) AND FEET(FT). PER - PERIOD OF TIME IN MINUTES(MIN) FROM ONE WAVE TO THE NEXT.
However as was mentioned by AKG, Tsunami wave was generated and it reached places like Maldives,Thailand,Australia,Sri Lanka parts ( shown in PINK) in above region in additions to Indonesia.
However at these areas excluding Indonesia region not more than 1 feet of Tsunami wave was reported. The maximum was 1.06M at Meulaboh,Indonesia for 12min at 1007hrs UTC
Disaster preparedness was in full swing across 28 nations including India where people where forced to evacuate areas in Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Its obvious that a significant Tsunami was generated but location remains uncertain!
As of now, Multiple aftershocks have been reported around the epicenter region as shown by the below image
Above- Each Square represents an Earthquake ( or aftershock) The two BIG BLUE SQUARES are the first earthquake (8.6M) and the aftershock of 8.2M...
THE BIG QUESTION- WHY THERE WAS NO DESTRUCTIVE TSUNAMI??
AKG's Earthquake Expert Aluth Fian informed that this Earthquake was caused due to a transform fault which rarely generate tsunami, because tsunami is mainly resulted from height change dz -> connection to wave equation.
Aluth Fian shall update on the science behind this soon!
POWERFUL AFTERSHOCK HITS WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
AKG SEISMOLOGY-
*** POWERFUL AFTERSHOCK HITS WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA***
*** USGC REPORTS 8.2M***
A STRONG AFTERSHOCK HAS BEEN REPORTED AT 0.773°N, 92.452°E
AT 10:43:09 UTC
*** POWERFUL AFTERSHOCK HITS WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA***
*** USGC REPORTS 8.2M***
A STRONG AFTERSHOCK HAS BEEN REPORTED AT 0.773°N, 92.452°E
AT 10:43:09 UTC
AS OF NOW, TSUNAMI IS HEADING TOWARDS THE THAILAND COAST
*************************************************************************************************************************************
UPDATED INFORMATION FROM PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER IS INDICATING A STRONGER TSUNAMI WAVE THAN THE PREVIOUS HITING INDONESIA COAST
TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 004
PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS
ISSUED AT 1054Z 11 APR 2012
THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.
... AN INDIAN-OCEAN-WIDE TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT ...
... A MAJOR AFTERSHOCK OCCURRED AT 11:43Z WITH MAGNITUDE 8.3 ...
A TSUNAMI WATCH IS STILL IN EFFECT FOR
INDONESIA / INDIA / AUSTRALIA / SRI LANKA / MYANMAR / THAILAND /
MALDIVES / UNITED KINGDOM / MALAYSIA / MAURITIUS / REUNION /
SEYCHELLES / OMAN / PAKISTAN / SOMALIA / MADAGASCAR / IRAN /
UAE / YEMEN / COMORES / MOZAMBIQUE / KENYA / TANZANIA /
CROZET ISLANDS / BANGLADESH / KERGUELEN ISLANDS / SOUTH AFRICA /
SINGAPORE
THIS BULLETIN IS ISSUED AS ADVICE TO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. ONLY
NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO MAKE
DECISIONS REGARDING THE OFFICIAL STATE OF ALERT IN THEIR AREA AND
ANY ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN RESPONSE.
AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS
ORIGIN TIME - 0839Z 11 APR 2012
COORDINATES - 2.3 NORTH 93.1 EAST
LOCATION - OFF W COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
MAGNITUDE - 8.7
MEASUREMENTS OR REPORTS OF TSUNAMI WAVE ACTIVITY
GAUGE LOCATION LAT LON TIME AMPL PER
------------------- ----- ------ ----- --------------- -----
TELUKDALAM ID 0.6N 97.8E 0952Z 0.15M / 0.5FT 08MIN
SABANG ID 5.8N 95.3E 1010Z 0.36M / 1.2FT 06MIN
MEULABOH ID 4.1N 96.1E 1007Z 1.06M / 3.5FT 12MIN
DART 23401 8.9N 88.5E 0956Z 0.03M / 0.1FT 06MIN
SABANG ID 5.8N 95.3E 0956Z 0.31M / 1.0FT 08MIN
LAT - LATITUDE (N-NORTH, S-SOUTH)
LON - LONGITUDE (E-EAST, W-WEST)
TIME - TIME OF THE MEASUREMENT (Z IS UTC IS GREENWICH TIME)
AMPL - TSUNAMI AMPLITUDE MEASURED RELATIVE TO NORMAL SEA LEVEL.
IT IS ...NOT... CREST-TO-TROUGH WAVE HEIGHT.
VALUES ARE GIVEN IN BOTH METERS(M) AND FEET(FT).
PER - PERIOD OF TIME IN MINUTES(MIN) FROM ONE WAVE TO THE NEXT.
NOTE - DART MEASUREMENTS ARE FROM THE DEEP OCEAN AND THEY
ARE GENERALLY MUCH SMALLER THAN WOULD BE COASTAL
MEASUREMENTS AT SIMILAR LOCATIONS.
EVALUATION
SEA LEVEL READINGS INDICATE A TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED. IT MAY
ALREADY HAVE BEEN DESTRUCTIVE ALONG SOME COASTS.
BASED ON THESE DATA THE THREAT CONTINUES FOR ALL COASTAL AREAS OF
THE INDIAN OCEAN. FOR THOSE AREAS - WHEN NO MAJOR WAVES HAVE
OCCURRED FOR AT LEAST TWO HOURS AFTER THE ESTIMATED ARRIVAL TIME
OR DAMAGING WAVES HAVE NOT OCCURRED FOR AT LEAST TWO HOURS THEN
LOCAL AUTHORITIES CAN ASSUME THE THREAT IS PASSED. DANGER TO
BOATS AND COASTAL STRUCTURES CAN CONTINUE FOR SEVERAL HOURS DUE
TO RAPID CURRENTS. AS LOCAL CONDITIONS CAN CAUSE A WIDE
VARIATION IN TSUNAMI WAVE ACTION THE ALL CLEAR DETERMINATION MUST
BE MADE BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES.
TSUNAMI GENERATES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN!
AKG SEISMOLOGY-
The Tsunami Wave as was anticipated has been generated! The recent update from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center indicates the elevated Sea heights at the Northern Sumatra and vicinity
*** WATER RECEDS IN THAILAND***
ABOVE- ORAWAN SANGCHAN REPORTS FROM CLOSE TO BANGKOK,THAILAND
PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER HAS CONFIRMED TSUNAMI WAVE GENERATION*****************
Over 1ft Tsunami Wave reported from Sabang,IndonesiaTSUNAMI LIKELY HEADING TOWARDS THAILAND
The Tsunami Wave as was anticipated has been generated! The recent update from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center indicates the elevated Sea heights at the Northern Sumatra and vicinity
TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 003
PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS
ISSUED AT 1014Z 11 APR 2012
THIS BULLETIN IS FOR ALL AREAS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN.
... AN INDIAN-OCEAN-WIDE TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT ...
A TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT FOR
INDONESIA / INDIA / AUSTRALIA / SRI LANKA / MYANMAR / THAILAND /
MALDIVES / UNITED KINGDOM / MALAYSIA / MAURITIUS / REUNION /
SEYCHELLES / OMAN / PAKISTAN / SOMALIA / MADAGASCAR / IRAN /
UAE / YEMEN / COMORES / MOZAMBIQUE / KENYA / TANZANIA /
CROZET ISLANDS / BANGLADESH / KERGUELEN ISLANDS / SOUTH AFRICA /
SINGAPORE
THIS BULLETIN IS ISSUED AS ADVICE TO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. ONLY
NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO MAKE
DECISIONS REGARDING THE OFFICIAL STATE OF ALERT IN THEIR AREA AND
ANY ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN RESPONSE.
AN EARTHQUAKE HAS OCCURRED WITH THESE PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS
ORIGIN TIME - 0839Z 11 APR 2012
COORDINATES - 2.3 NORTH 93.1 EAST
LOCATION - OFF W COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
MAGNITUDE - 8.7
MEASUREMENTS OR REPORTS OF TSUNAMI WAVE ACTIVITY
GAUGE LOCATION LAT LON TIME AMPL PER
------------------- ----- ------ ----- --------------- -----
DART 23401 8.9N 88.5E 0956Z 0.03M / 0.1FT 06MIN
MEULABOH ID 4.1N 96.1E 0950Z 0.27M / 0.9FT 14MIN
SABANG ID 5.8N 95.3E 0956Z 0.31M / 1.0FT 08MIN
LAT - LATITUDE (N-NORTH, S-SOUTH)
LON - LONGITUDE (E-EAST, W-WEST)
TIME - TIME OF THE MEASUREMENT (Z IS UTC IS GREENWICH TIME)
AMPL - TSUNAMI AMPLITUDE MEASURED RELATIVE TO NORMAL SEA LEVEL.
IT IS ...NOT... CREST-TO-TROUGH WAVE HEIGHT.
VALUES ARE GIVEN IN BOTH METERS(M) AND FEET(FT).
PER - PERIOD OF TIME IN MINUTES(MIN) FROM ONE WAVE TO THE NEXT.
NOTE - DART MEASUREMENTS ARE FROM THE DEEP OCEAN AND THEY
ARE GENERALLY MUCH SMALLER THAN WOULD BE COASTAL
MEASUREMENTS AT SIMILAR LOCATIONS.
EVALUATION
SEA LEVEL READINGS INDICATE A TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED. IT MAY
ALREADY HAVE BEEN DESTRUCTIVE ALONG SOME COASTS.
BASED ON THESE DATA THE THREAT CONTINUES FOR ALL COASTAL AREAS OF
THE INDIAN OCEAN. FOR THOSE AREAS - WHEN NO MAJOR WAVES HAVE
OCCURRED FOR AT LEAST TWO HOURS AFTER THE ESTIMATED ARRIVAL TIME
OR DAMAGING WAVES HAVE NOT OCCURRED FOR AT LEAST TWO HOURS THEN
LOCAL AUTHORITIES CAN ASSUME THE THREAT IS PASSED. DANGER TO
BOATS AND COASTAL STRUCTURES CAN CONTINUE FOR SEVERAL HOURS DUE
TO RAPID CURRENTS. AS LOCAL CONDITIONS CAN CAUSE A WIDE
VARIATION IN TSUNAMI WAVE ACTION THE ALL CLEAR DETERMINATION MUST
BE MADE BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES.
ESTIMATED INITIAL TSUNAMI WAVE ARRIVAL TIMES AT FORECAST POINTS
WITHIN THE WARNING AND WATCH AREAS ARE GIVEN BELOW. ACTUAL
ARRIVAL TIMES MAY DIFFER AND THE INITIAL WAVE MAY NOT BE THE
LARGEST. A TSUNAMI IS A SERIES OF WAVES AND THE TIME BETWEEN
SUCCESSIVE WAVES CAN BE FIVE MINUTES TO ONE HOUR.
LOCATION FORECAST POINT COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME
-------------------------------- ------------ ------------
INDONESIA SIMEULUE 2.5N 96.0E 0912Z 11 APR
BANDA_ACEH 5.5N 95.1E 0933Z 11 APR
SIBERUT 1.5S 98.7E 0944Z 11 APR
PADANG 0.9S 100.1E 1025Z 11 APR
BENGKULU 3.9S 102.0E 1037Z 11 APR
CILACAP 7.8S 108.9E 1150Z 11 APR
BANDAR_LAMPUNG 5.7S 105.3E 1200Z 11 APR
BALI 8.7S 115.3E 1234Z 11 APR
BELAWAN 3.8N 98.8E 1326Z 11 APR
KUPANG 10.0S 123.4E 1333Z 11 APR
BALI 8.7S 115.3E 1234Z 11 APR
INDIA GREAT_NICOBAR 7.1N 93.6E 0937Z 11 APR
LITTLE_ANDAMAN 10.7N 92.3E 1015Z 11 APR
NORTH_ANDAMAN 13.3N 92.6E 1045Z 11 APR
PORT_BLAIR 11.9N 92.7E 1050Z 11 APR
CHENNAI 13.4N 80.4E 1134Z 11 APR
TRIVANDRUM 8.3N 76.9E 1204Z 11 APR
KAKINADA 17.2N 82.7E 1204Z 11 APR
MANGALORE 13.3N 74.4E 1339Z 11 APR
BOMBAY 18.8N 72.6E 1605Z 11 APR
GULF_OF_KUTCH 22.7N 68.9E 1636Z 11 APR
AUSTRALIA COCOS_ISLAND 12.1S 96.7E 1046Z 11 APR
NORTH_WEST_CAPE 21.5S 113.9E 1312Z 11 APR
CAPE_INSPIRATIO 25.9S 113.0E 1413Z 11 APR
PERTH 32.0S 115.3E 1421Z 11 APR
AUGUSTA 34.3S 114.7E 1440Z 11 APR
GERALDTOWN 28.6S 114.3E 1456Z 11 APR
CAPE_LEVEQUE 16.1S 122.6E 1500Z 11 APR
ESPERANCE 34.0S 121.8E 1614Z 11 APR
KINGSTON_SOUTH_ 37.0S 139.4E 1747Z 11 APR
HEARD_ISLAND 54.0S 73.5E 1803Z 11 APR
EUCLA_MOTEL 31.8S 128.9E 1824Z 11 APR
HOBART 43.3S 147.6E 1858Z 11 APR
DARWIN 12.1S 130.7E 1921Z 11 APR
SRI LANKA TRINCOMALEE 8.7N 81.3E 1049Z 11 APR
DONDRA_HEAD 5.9N 80.6E 1054Z 11 APR
COLOMBO 6.9N 79.8E 1121Z 11 APR
JAFFNA 9.9N 80.0E 1235Z 11 APR
MYANMAR CHEDUBA_ISLAND 18.9N 93.4E 1142Z 11 APR
CHEDUBA_ISLAND 18.9N 93.4E 1142Z 11 APR
PYINKAYAING 15.9N 94.3E 1152Z 11 APR
SITTWE 20.0N 92.9E 1220Z 11 APR
MERGUI 12.8N 98.4E 1328Z 11 APR
YANGON 16.5N 96.4E 1720Z 11 APR
THAILAND PHUKET 8.0N 98.2E 1113Z 11 APR
KO_PHRA_THONG 9.1N 98.2E 1203Z 11 APR
KO_TARUTAO 6.6N 99.6E 1233Z 11 APR
MALDIVES GAN 0.6S 73.2E 1144Z 11 APR
MALE 4.2N 73.6E 1149Z 11 APR
MINICOV 8.3N 73.0E 1214Z 11 APR
UNITED KINGDOM DIEGO_GARCIA 7.3S 72.4E 1202Z 11 APR
MALAYSIA GEORGETOWN 5.4N 100.1E 1303Z 11 APR
PORT_DICKSON 2.5N 101.7E 1743Z 11 APR
MAURITIUS PORT_LOUIS 20.0S 57.3E 1500Z 11 APR
REUNION ST_DENIS 20.8S 55.2E 1514Z 11 APR
SEYCHELLES VICTORIA 4.5S 55.6E 1525Z 11 APR
OMAN SALALAH 16.9N 54.1E 1537Z 11 APR
MUSCAT 23.9N 58.6E 1544Z 11 APR
DUQM 19.7N 57.8E 1553Z 11 APR
PAKISTAN GWADAR 25.1N 62.4E 1546Z 11 APR
KARACHI 24.7N 66.9E 1638Z 11 APR
SOMALIA HILALAYA 6.4N 49.1E 1546Z 11 APR
CAPE_GUARO 11.9N 51.4E 1547Z 11 APR
MOGADISHU 2.0N 45.5E 1602Z 11 APR
KAAMBOONI 1.5S 41.9E 1629Z 11 APR
MADAGASCAR ANTSIRANANA 12.1S 49.5E 1548Z 11 APR
TOAMASINA 17.8S 49.6E 1601Z 11 APR
MANAKARA 22.2S 48.2E 1616Z 11 APR
MAHAJANGA 15.4S 46.2E 1652Z 11 APR
CAP_STE_MARIE 25.8S 45.2E 1716Z 11 APR
TOLIARA 23.4S 43.6E 1741Z 11 APR
IRAN GAVATER 25.0N 61.3E 1552Z 11 APR
UAE FUJAIRAH 25.1N 56.4E 1630Z 11 APR
YEMEN AL_MUKALLA 14.5N 49.2E 1637Z 11 APR
ADEN 13.0N 45.2E 1722Z 11 APR
COMORES MORONI 11.6S 43.3E 1649Z 11 APR
MOZAMBIQUE CABO_DELGADO 10.7S 40.7E 1706Z 11 APR
ANGOCHE 15.5S 40.6E 1738Z 11 APR
QUELIMANE 18.0S 37.1E 1905Z 11 APR
MAPUTO 25.9S 32.8E 1955Z 11 APR
BEIRA 19.9S 35.1E 2017Z 11 APR
KENYA MOMBASA 4.0S 39.7E 1706Z 11 APR
TANZANIA LINDI 9.8S 39.9E 1707Z 11 APR
DAR_ES_SALAAM 6.7S 39.4E 1710Z 11 APR
CROZET ISLANDS CROZET_ISLANDS 46.4S 51.8E 1734Z 11 APR
BANGLADESH CHITTAGONG 22.7N 91.2E 1735Z 11 APR
KERGUELEN ISLAN PORT_AUX_FRANCA 49.0S 69.1E 1816Z 11 APR
SOUTH AFRICA PRINCE_EDWARD_I 46.6S 37.6E 1907Z 11 APR
DURBAN 29.8S 31.2E 1910Z 11 APR
PORT_ELIZABETH 33.9S 25.8E 2011Z 11 APR
CAPE_TOWN 34.1S 18.0E 2111Z 11 APR
SINGAPORE SINGAPORE 1.2N 103.8E 2330Z 11 APR
8.7M EARTHQUAKE STRIKES WEST COST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
AKG SEISMOLOGY-
963 km (598 miles) W of KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia
1797 km (1116 miles) WNW of JAKARTA, Java, Indonesia
MAGNITUDE 8.7 EARTHQUAKE HAS OCURED AT 08:38:38 UTC AT 2.3N,93.073E
*** PEOPLE AT WESTERN COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA AND OTHER PARTS OF SUMATRA MUST PAY ATTENTION *************
THE EARTHQUAKE'S EPICENTER WAS 434 km (269 miles) SW of Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia
550 km (341 miles) SW of Lhokseumawe, Sumatra, Indonesia963 km (598 miles) W of KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia
1797 km (1116 miles) WNW of JAKARTA, Java, Indonesia
TREMORS WERE FELT IN MUMBAI,KOLKATA,CHENNAI ( INDIA),SINGAPORE,THAILAND,MALAYSIA AND OTHER AREAS
The above image shows that the Earthquake is a sea earthquake and has good potentials of generating a Tsunami. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center is still waiting for confirmation of Tsunami generation and hence has put the Indian Ocean countries on Tsunami Watch!!
As of 0845z,11th April BELOW ARE THE ESTIMATED ARRIVAL TIMES
LOCATION FORECAST POINT COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME
-------------------------------- ------------ ------------
INDONESIA SIMEULUE 2.5N 96.0E 0921Z 11 APR
BANDA_ACEH 5.5N 95.1E 0931Z 11 APR
SIBERUT 1.5S 98.7E 0941Z 11 APR
PADANG 0.9S 100.1E 1017Z 11 APR
BENGKULU 3.9S 102.0E 1038Z 11 APR
CILACAP 7.8S 108.9E 1205Z 11 APR
BANDAR_LAMPUNG 5.7S 105.3E 1213Z 11 APR
BALI 8.7S 115.3E 1253Z 11 APR
KUPANG 10.0S 123.4E 1338Z 11 APR
BELAWAN 3.8N 98.8E 1348Z 11 APR
BALI 8.7S 115.3E 1253Z 11 APR
INDIA GREAT_NICOBAR 7.1N 93.6E 0937Z 11 APR
LITTLE_ANDAMAN 10.7N 92.3E 1016Z 11 APR
PORT_BLAIR 11.9N 92.7E 1032Z 11 APR
NORTH_ANDAMAN 13.3N 92.6E 1052Z 11 APR
CHENNAI 13.4N 80.4E 1127Z 11 APR
KAKINADA 17.2N 82.7E 1205Z 11 APR
TRIVANDRUM 8.3N 76.9E 1208Z 11 APR
MANGALORE 13.3N 74.4E 1336Z 11 APR
BOMBAY 18.8N 72.6E 1608Z 11 APR
GULF_OF_KUTCH 22.7N 68.9E 1634Z 11 APR
SRI LANKA DONDRA_HEAD 5.9N 80.6E 1039Z 11 APR
TRINCOMALEE 8.7N 81.3E 1051Z 11 APR
COLOMBO 6.9N 79.8E 1120Z 11 APR
JAFFNA 9.9N 80.0E 1231Z 11 APR
AUSTRALIA COCOS_ISLAND 12.1S 96.7E 1045Z 11 APR
NORTH_WEST_CAPE 21.5S 113.9E 1314Z 11 APR
CAPE_INSPIRATIO 25.9S 113.0E 1413Z 11 APR
PERTH 32.0S 115.3E 1420Z 11 APR
AUGUSTA 34.3S 114.7E 1440Z 11 APR
GERALDTOWN 28.6S 114.3E 1459Z 11 APR
CAPE_LEVEQUE 16.1S 122.6E 1506Z 11 APR
ESPERANCE 34.0S 121.8E 1615Z 11 APR
KINGSTON_SOUTH_ 37.0S 139.4E 1748Z 11 APR
HEARD_ISLAND 54.0S 73.5E 1802Z 11 APR
EUCLA_MOTEL 31.8S 128.9E 1836Z 11 APR
HOBART 43.3S 147.6E 1901Z 11 APR
DARWIN 12.1S 130.7E 1935Z 11 APR
MYANMAR CHEDUBA_ISLAND 18.9N 93.4E 1149Z 11 APR
CHEDUBA_ISLAND 18.9N 93.4E 1149Z 11 APR
PYINKAYAING 15.9N 94.3E 1150Z 11 APR
SITTWE 20.0N 92.9E 1226Z 11 APR
MERGUI 12.8N 98.4E 1316Z 11 APR
YANGON 16.5N 96.4E 1507Z 11 APR
THAILAND PHUKET 8.0N 98.2E 1118Z 11 APR
KO_PHRA_THONG 9.1N 98.2E 1223Z 11 APR
KO_TARUTAO 6.6N 99.6E 1256Z 11 APR
MALDIVES GAN 0.6S 73.2E 1137Z 11 APR
MINICOV 8.3N 73.0E 1210Z 11 APR
MALE 4.2N 73.6E 1211Z 11 APR
UNITED KINGDOM DIEGO_GARCIA 7.3S 72.4E 1153Z 11 APR
MALAYSIA GEORGETOWN 5.4N 100.1E 1311Z 11 APR
PORT_DICKSON 2.5N 101.7E 1810Z 11 APR
MAURITIUS PORT_LOUIS 20.0S 57.3E 1455Z 11 APR
REUNION ST_DENIS 20.8S 55.2E 1512Z 11 APR
SEYCHELLES VICTORIA 4.5S 55.6E 1516Z 11 APR
PAKISTAN GWADAR 25.1N 62.4E 1536Z 11 APR
KARACHI 24.7N 66.9E 1644Z 11 APR
SOMALIA CAPE_GUARO 11.9N 51.4E 1539Z 11 APR
HILALAYA 6.4N 49.1E 1540Z 11 APR
MOGADISHU 2.0N 45.5E 1558Z 11 APR
KAAMBOONI 1.5S 41.9E 1623Z 11 APR
OMAN MUSCAT 23.9N 58.6E 1540Z 11 APR
SALALAH 16.9N 54.1E 1547Z 11 APR
DUQM 19.7N 57.8E 1556Z 11 APR
MADAGASCAR ANTSIRANANA 12.1S 49.5E 1544Z 11 APR
TOAMASINA 17.8S 49.6E 1551Z 11 APR
MANAKARA 22.2S 48.2E 1610Z 11 APR
MAHAJANGA 15.4S 46.2E 1653Z 11 APR
CAP_STE_MARIE 25.8S 45.2E 1713Z 11 APR
TOLIARA 23.4S 43.6E 1733Z 11 APR
IRAN GAVATER 25.0N 61.3E 1546Z 11 APR
UAE FUJAIRAH 25.1N 56.4E 1621Z 11 APR
YEMEN AL_MUKALLA 14.5N 49.2E 1626Z 11 APR
ADEN 13.0N 45.2E 1726Z 11 APR
COMORES MORONI 11.6S 43.3E 1644Z 11 APR
BANGLADESH CHITTAGONG 22.7N 91.2E 1651Z 11 APR
TANZANIA LINDI 9.8S 39.9E 1659Z 11 APR
DAR_ES_SALAAM 6.7S 39.4E 1732Z 11 APR
MOZAMBIQUE CABO_DELGADO 10.7S 40.7E 1701Z 11 APR
ANGOCHE 15.5S 40.6E 1720Z 11 APR
QUELIMANE 18.0S 37.1E 1841Z 11 APR
MAPUTO 25.9S 32.8E 1959Z 11 APR
BEIRA 19.9S 35.1E 2016Z 11 APR
KENYA MOMBASA 4.0S 39.7E 1706Z 11 APR
CROZET ISLANDS CROZET_ISLANDS 46.4S 51.8E 1733Z 11 APR
KERGUELEN ISLAN PORT_AUX_FRANCA 49.0S 69.1E 1815Z 11 APR
SOUTH AFRICA PRINCE_EDWARD_I 46.6S 37.6E 1907Z 11 APR
DURBAN 29.8S 31.2E 1910Z 11 APR
PORT_ELIZABETH 33.9S 25.8E 2006Z 11 APR
CAPE_TOWN 34.1S 18.0E 2109Z 11 APR
SINGAPORE SINGAPORE 1.2N 103.8E 2351Z 11 APR
MAJOR EARTHQUAKE (8.7M) STRIKES WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA... TSUNAMI WATCH IN EFFECT
MAJOR EARTHQUAKE AT THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
****** 8.7M REPORTED BY USGC*********
*TSUNAMI WATCH IN EFFECT FOR MULTIPLE AREAS LIKE
**** TSUNAMI GENERATION NOT CONFIRMED YET*****
EXPECTED TSUNAMI ARRIVAL TIMES BELOW
A TSUNAMI WATCH IS IN EFFECT FOR INDONESIA / INDIA / SRI LANKA / AUSTRALIA / MYANMAR / THAILAND / MALDIVES / UNITED KINGDOM / MALAYSIA / MAURITIUS / REUNION / SEYCHELLES / PAKISTAN / SOMALIA / OMAN / MADAGASCAR / IRAN / UAE / YEMEN / COMORES / BANGLADESH / TANZANIA / MOZAMBIQUE / KENYA / CROZET ISLANDS / KERGUELEN ISLANDS / SOUTH AFRICA / SINGAPORE
LOCATION FORECAST POINT COORDINATES ARRIVAL TIME -------------------------------- ------------ ------------ INDONESIA SIMEULUE 2.5N 96.0E 0921Z 11 APR BANDA_ACEH 5.5N 95.1E 0931Z 11 APR SIBERUT 1.5S 98.7E 0941Z 11 APR PADANG 0.9S 100.1E 1017Z 11 APR BENGKULU 3.9S 102.0E 1038Z 11 APR CILACAP 7.8S 108.9E 1205Z 11 APR BANDAR_LAMPUNG 5.7S 105.3E 1213Z 11 APR BALI 8.7S 115.3E 1253Z 11 APR KUPANG 10.0S 123.4E 1338Z 11 APR BELAWAN 3.8N 98.8E 1348Z 11 APR BALI 8.7S 115.3E 1253Z 11 APR INDIA GREAT_NICOBAR 7.1N 93.6E 0937Z 11 APR LITTLE_ANDAMAN 10.7N 92.3E 1016Z 11 APR PORT_BLAIR 11.9N 92.7E 1032Z 11 APR NORTH_ANDAMAN 13.3N 92.6E 1052Z 11 APR CHENNAI 13.4N 80.4E 1127Z 11 APR KAKINADA 17.2N 82.7E 1205Z 11 APR TRIVANDRUM 8.3N 76.9E 1208Z 11 APR MANGALORE 13.3N 74.4E 1336Z 11 APR BOMBAY 18.8N 72.6E 1608Z 11 APR GULF_OF_KUTCH 22.7N 68.9E 1634Z 11 APR SRI LANKA DONDRA_HEAD 5.9N 80.6E 1039Z 11 APR TRINCOMALEE 8.7N 81.3E 1051Z 11 APR COLOMBO 6.9N 79.8E 1120Z 11 APR JAFFNA 9.9N 80.0E 1231Z 11 APR AUSTRALIA COCOS_ISLAND 12.1S 96.7E 1045Z 11 APR NORTH_WEST_CAPE 21.5S 113.9E 1314Z 11 APR CAPE_INSPIRATIO 25.9S 113.0E 1413Z 11 APR PERTH 32.0S 115.3E 1420Z 11 APR AUGUSTA 34.3S 114.7E 1440Z 11 APR GERALDTOWN 28.6S 114.3E 1459Z 11 APR CAPE_LEVEQUE 16.1S 122.6E 1506Z 11 APR ESPERANCE 34.0S 121.8E 1615Z 11 APR KINGSTON_SOUTH_ 37.0S 139.4E 1748Z 11 APR HEARD_ISLAND 54.0S 73.5E 1802Z 11 APR EUCLA_MOTEL 31.8S 128.9E 1836Z 11 APR HOBART 43.3S 147.6E 1901Z 11 APR DARWIN 12.1S 130.7E 1935Z 11 APR MYANMAR CHEDUBA_ISLAND 18.9N 93.4E 1149Z 11 APR CHEDUBA_ISLAND 18.9N 93.4E 1149Z 11 APR PYINKAYAING 15.9N 94.3E 1150Z 11 APR SITTWE 20.0N 92.9E 1226Z 11 APR MERGUI 12.8N 98.4E 1316Z 11 APR YANGON 16.5N 96.4E 1507Z 11 APR THAILAND PHUKET 8.0N 98.2E 1118Z 11 APR KO_PHRA_THONG 9.1N 98.2E 1223Z 11 APR KO_TARUTAO 6.6N 99.6E 1256Z 11 APR MALDIVES GAN 0.6S 73.2E 1137Z 11 APR MINICOV 8.3N 73.0E 1210Z 11 APR MALE 4.2N 73.6E 1211Z 11 APR UNITED KINGDOM DIEGO_GARCIA 7.3S 72.4E 1153Z 11 APR MALAYSIA GEORGETOWN 5.4N 100.1E 1311Z 11 APR PORT_DICKSON 2.5N 101.7E 1810Z 11 APR MAURITIUS PORT_LOUIS 20.0S 57.3E 1455Z 11 APR REUNION ST_DENIS 20.8S 55.2E 1512Z 11 APR SEYCHELLES VICTORIA 4.5S 55.6E 1516Z 11 APR PAKISTAN GWADAR 25.1N 62.4E 1536Z 11 APR KARACHI 24.7N 66.9E 1644Z 11 APR SOMALIA CAPE_GUARO 11.9N 51.4E 1539Z 11 APR HILALAYA 6.4N 49.1E 1540Z 11 APR MOGADISHU 2.0N 45.5E 1558Z 11 APR KAAMBOONI 1.5S 41.9E 1623Z 11 APR OMAN MUSCAT 23.9N 58.6E 1540Z 11 APR SALALAH 16.9N 54.1E 1547Z 11 APR DUQM 19.7N 57.8E 1556Z 11 APR MADAGASCAR ANTSIRANANA 12.1S 49.5E 1544Z 11 APR TOAMASINA 17.8S 49.6E 1551Z 11 APR MANAKARA 22.2S 48.2E 1610Z 11 APR MAHAJANGA 15.4S 46.2E 1653Z 11 APR CAP_STE_MARIE 25.8S 45.2E 1713Z 11 APR TOLIARA 23.4S 43.6E 1733Z 11 APR IRAN GAVATER 25.0N 61.3E 1546Z 11 APR UAE FUJAIRAH 25.1N 56.4E 1621Z 11 APR YEMEN AL_MUKALLA 14.5N 49.2E 1626Z 11 APR ADEN 13.0N 45.2E 1726Z 11 APR COMORES MORONI 11.6S 43.3E 1644Z 11 APR BANGLADESH CHITTAGONG 22.7N 91.2E 1651Z 11 APR TANZANIA LINDI 9.8S 39.9E 1659Z 11 APR DAR_ES_SALAAM 6.7S 39.4E 1732Z 11 APR MOZAMBIQUE CABO_DELGADO 10.7S 40.7E 1701Z 11 APR ANGOCHE 15.5S 40.6E 1720Z 11 APR QUELIMANE 18.0S 37.1E 1841Z 11 APR MAPUTO 25.9S 32.8E 1959Z 11 APR BEIRA 19.9S 35.1E 2016Z 11 APR KENYA MOMBASA 4.0S 39.7E 1706Z 11 APR CROZET ISLANDS CROZET_ISLANDS 46.4S 51.8E 1733Z 11 APR KERGUELEN ISLAN PORT_AUX_FRANCA 49.0S 69.1E 1815Z 11 APR SOUTH AFRICA PRINCE_EDWARD_I 46.6S 37.6E 1907Z 11 APR DURBAN 29.8S 31.2E 1910Z 11 APR PORT_ELIZABETH 33.9S 25.8E 2006Z 11 APR CAPE_TOWN 34.1S 18.0E 2109Z 11 APR SINGAPORE SINGAPORE 1.2N 103.8E 2351Z 11 APR
Hyper Quiet Space Weather!!!
SEVERE SOLARWX
AKSHAY DEORAS
SEVERE WEATHER FORECASTER
300TH ARTICLE
*** THE EARTH FACING SIDE OF THE SUN IS BLANK AT PRESENT***
*** NO SUNSPOT ON THE EARTH FACING SIDE OF THE SUN***
*** DAILY SUNSPOT NO. AS LOW AS 24 TODAY***
The progress of Solar Cycle 24 had been satisfactory in the month of March especially due to the elevated activity due to Sunspot 1429. However the spaceweather has turned flat in April
The March 2012 monthly sunspot no has been 64.2 as against the expected 75.8. However as compared to the Feb 2012 sunspot no which was 33.1 only there has been almost doubling in March!
With the present scenario, the April sunspot no is sure to be less depending on how the Sunspots form this
month. On the back side of the Sun, there are many sunspots and many are active! These sunspots shall rotate on the Earthside of the Sun in around a week from now and interesting space weather may be expected the next week so staty tuned for the updates!
AKSHAY DEORAS
SEVERE WEATHER FORECASTER
300TH ARTICLE
*** THE EARTH FACING SIDE OF THE SUN IS BLANK AT PRESENT***
*** NO SUNSPOT ON THE EARTH FACING SIDE OF THE SUN***
*** DAILY SUNSPOT NO. AS LOW AS 24 TODAY***
The progress of Solar Cycle 24 had been satisfactory in the month of March especially due to the elevated activity due to Sunspot 1429. However the spaceweather has turned flat in April
The March 2012 monthly sunspot no has been 64.2 as against the expected 75.8. However as compared to the Feb 2012 sunspot no which was 33.1 only there has been almost doubling in March!
With the present scenario, the April sunspot no is sure to be less depending on how the Sunspots form this
month. On the back side of the Sun, there are many sunspots and many are active! These sunspots shall rotate on the Earthside of the Sun in around a week from now and interesting space weather may be expected the next week so staty tuned for the updates!
Sunday, April 1, 2012
AKG LAUNCHES SEVERE SOLARWX PAGE
SELF UPDATING PAGE ON SPACE WEATHER PRODUCTS LAUNCHED ON AKG
SEVERE SOLARWX PAGE WILL PROVIDE REALTIME CONDITION SUCH AS SOLAR WIND,KP INDICES,REAL TIME IMAES OF SUN,CME,IMF
WHENEVER YOU ENTER THE BLOG, YOU WILL BE ASKED WHETHER YOU WANT TO VIEW THE REAL TIME CONDITIONS OR CHECK THE LATEST ARTICLES/FORECASTS ON THE BLOG.
FOR VIEWING SPACE WEATHER DATA-
CLICK ON THE FIRST OPTION OF "CLICK HERE" WHICH WILL RE-DIRECT YOU TO SEVERE SOLARWX PAGE AND THEN CLICK ENTER
FOR VIEWING OTHER ARTICLES,SIMPLY CLICK ENTER WHICH WILL TAKE YOU TO THE MAIN PAGE OF THE BLOG
THE NEW DATAS ARE IN COLLABORATION WTH SWPC,SDO,STEREO
SEVERE SOLARWX PAGE WILL PROVIDE REALTIME CONDITION SUCH AS SOLAR WIND,KP INDICES,REAL TIME IMAES OF SUN,CME,IMF
WHENEVER YOU ENTER THE BLOG, YOU WILL BE ASKED WHETHER YOU WANT TO VIEW THE REAL TIME CONDITIONS OR CHECK THE LATEST ARTICLES/FORECASTS ON THE BLOG.
FOR VIEWING SPACE WEATHER DATA-
CLICK ON THE FIRST OPTION OF "CLICK HERE" WHICH WILL RE-DIRECT YOU TO SEVERE SOLARWX PAGE AND THEN CLICK ENTER
FOR VIEWING OTHER ARTICLES,SIMPLY CLICK ENTER WHICH WILL TAKE YOU TO THE MAIN PAGE OF THE BLOG
THE NEW DATAS ARE IN COLLABORATION WTH SWPC,SDO,STEREO
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